As the euro area has a predominantly bank-based financial system, changes in the composition and strength of banks … crisis, in a context of financial market stress and weak bank balance sheets, unconventional monetary policy measures have … non-standard measures were successful in stimulating lending and which bank business models were more strongly affected …

of the central bank and other macroeconomic institutions. The average annual rate of growth in the net profits of the …

achieve financial convergence with the existing EU nations. Using detailed case studies from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic …