the Inter-American Development Bank's Caribbean region (The Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Haiti, Guyana, Suriname, and …

expenditure to national income was negative in Barbados, Belize and Trinidad and Tobago, but positive for Guyana and Jamaica …

Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, by estimating a restricted Vector Autoregressive model with Exogenous Variables …

, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad, during the 1985-1993 period using cointegration, Granger causality, and reduced form methods … them in Guyana and Trinidad, which unlike Jamaica applied infrequent and large adjustments to their official rates. The … causation is bi-directional in the case of Jamaica and uni-directional, with changes in the official rate Granger causing …