Die Macht der Ratingagenturen wird derzeit allenthalben kritisiert. Tatsächlich haben ihre Beurteilungen eine große Bedeutung bei der Kreditvergabe. Dies wurde aber vor allem durch zahlreiche Regularien vom Staat selbst verursacht. Dabei wirken sich die Länderratings aufgrund des...

We consider how differences between the way firms react to a common monetary policy affect the performance of a monetary union. A model is presented in which heterogeneous firms respond discontinuously to monetary shocks. The implication is that the level of economic activity has a selective...

In this paper, we seek to characterize the dynamic effects of permanent technology shocks and the way in which European monetary authorities reacted to these shocks over the past two decades. To do so, we develop an augmented sticky price-sticky wage model of the business cycle, which is...

What roles exist for public and private partnerships within the context of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), in an increasingly digitalized global system? Do central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) serve as public goods rather than tools which should primarily remain within the realm and...