In keeping with the dual nature of the monetary relationship, crises may take on two polar-opposite forms: the resurgence of either centralising or fragmenting trends. Both also upset the fragile balance that the hierarchised system has brought about. But, contrary to what a casual inspection...

Though central banks make consequential macroeconomic decisions, little is known about diversity at the helm of these institutions. This article investigates what factors drive the gender balance in central bank boards. I document the lack diversity of central bank leadership and argue that it...

We construct a new dataset on the presence of women on central bank monetary policy committees for a set of 103 countries, over the period 2002-2016. We document an increasing share of women in monetary policy committees, which is mainly associated with a higher overall presence of women in...

Women’s financial inclusion has become increasingly important across the globe as surveys have revealed that women are disproportionately excluded from the financial system. They lack access to basic financial services more than their male counterparts. Evidence abound that promoting women’s...

Modern economic policymaking requires effective communication. In particular, central bankers communicate facts about the economy and aim to shape individuals’ expectations about the economic future and the central bank’s capacity to manage it. To do so effectively, central bankers must...