Over millennia, mankind has used hard cash in various forms ranging from shells to gold coins and paper. More recently, cash has become unpopular in political circles, as it effectively restricts states’ power to tax (explicitly or via negative interest rates) or to survey and potentially...

Cover -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- 1. GENERAL -- 1.1. General Information on Rwanda -- 1.2. General Situation of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism -- 1.3. Overview of the Financial Sector -- 1.4. Overview of the DNFBP Sector -- 1.5. Overview of commercial...

The National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia (NBRNM) is implementing advanced transparency practices. The long-standing commitment to transparency noted by a number of stakeholders and forcefully re-affirmed in the recent period is well anchored in the law, and it has been designated by...