Monetary policymaking can be seen as an optimization exercise to be performed by central banks. In practice, central banks can be classified according to the monetary mandate assigned to them, mainly a single or a dual mandate. Among independent central banks, a majority are single-objective...

In many countries monetary policy decisions are based on the output gap. In particular, monetary easing is usually justified by citing slack in the economy. However, the use of subjective information can result in an inaccurate estimate of the output gap, and its partial interpretation can lead...

Fed’s policymakers overestimated the negative output gap, leading them to prolong the monetary expansion beyond the necessary during the pandemic. The prolonged money expansion contributed to fuel inflation during the post-recession rebound. The policy mistake was the result of an inaccurate...