We consider price level determination from the perspective of portfolio choice. Arbitrages among money balances, bonds, and investment goods determine their relative demands. Returns to real balance holdings (transactions services), the nominal interest rate, and after-tax returns to investment...

The fiscal theory of the price level (FTPL) solves puzzles raised by standard monetary theories. FTPL is forward looking and dynamic, and investors can use it to calculate the value of “money” through discounted free cash flow analysis

We consider price level determination from the perspective of portfolio choice. Arbitrages among money balances, bonds, and investment goods determine their relative demands. Returns to real balance holdings (transactions services), the nominal interest rate, and after-tax returns to investment...