children do not reflect the true extent of son preference in high fertility countries such as Pakistan, where the success of … preference on fertility behaviour in Pakistan, accurate measurement of the forms this gender bias can take is necessary to … appropriately gauge the influence of son preference on the fertility outcomes. The limited capacity of existing measures to …

Preferences for male children in Albania are shown to have persisted through nearly half a century of communist rule … higher order births. Fertility falls strongly when a firstborn child is male. Still, there is only mixed evidence that …

Preferences for male children in Albania are shown to have persisted through nearly half a century of communist rule … higher order births. Fertility falls strongly when a firstborn child is male. Still, there is only mixed evidence that …

is absent for children of preschool age. We also find that (1) boys are more likely to migrate following the reduction in … the number of rural primary schools, (2) migrant households with multiple children tend to take their sons to migrate more … than they take their daughters, and (3) the fact that parents of boy students spend more on their children's education can …