We use panel data on Israeli manufacturing plants to test two explanations of lower wages and lower productivity in plants with a higher percentage of females: (1) within plants, women are paid less and are less productive, consistent with no discrimination, and (2) women are segregated into...

Sex differences in labor markets are pervasive. In the United States three differences, in particular, have attracted the most attention from economists: the earnings gap between women and men; occupational segregation of women and men; and the greater responsibility of women for child care and...