In this paper, I assess the extent to which the gender gap in physician earnings may be driven by physicians … receive referrals. I show that biased referrals are predominantly driven by physicians' decisions rather than by endogenous … sorting of physicians or patients or by gender differences in the labor supply. As 75% of doctors are men, estimates suggest …

Important differences in labor market characteristics suggest that men and women physicians may be viewed as imperfect … practices, may have (unintentionally) favored female physicians. Using data from the Young Physicians Survey, the author … compares changes in the gender earnings gap for physicians in states with high versus low managed care growth during the 1980s …

The share of female physicians has risen in OECD countries in recent decades, but we know little about the effects of …