so far separate strands of literature, on women's alleged greater tolerance for lower wages ("contented female worker … paradox"), and on perceived discrimination among ethnic minorities ("integration paradox"). Empirically, we depart from … previous studies by not simply assessing whether women are as likely as men to perceive their pay as unfair. Instead, we use an …

businesses. Discrimination against women is widespread and overt: about half (51%) of establishments directly admit that they … randomization technique, we can rule out that discrimination against women is heavily stigmatized in Egypt, meaning that …We study discrimination in hiring and its associated outcomes for the discriminators using a unique survey of Egyptian …

This paper provides an overview of what has happened over the past fifty years for women as they worked to break … through professional barriers in economics, policy, and institutional leadership. We chart the progress of women in higher … education at the college level and beyond and then go on to examine women's representation at the upper levels of academia …