In recent decades, women's participation in the labor market has increased considerably in most countries and is converging toward the participation rate of men. Though on a lesser scale, a similar movement toward gender convergence seems to be occurring in the criminal world, though many more...

Male backlash, which we define as a hostile response to female empowerment in a gender biased society, drives crime against women. We provide evidence to support this idea. Combining survey data with administrative records on rapes, indecent assaults and domestic violence in India, we show that...

This paper studies the effect of female political representation on violence against women. Using a Regression Discontinuity design for close mayoral elections between female and male candidates in Brazil, we find that electing female mayors leads to a reduction in episodes of gender violence....