Women consistently work less in the labor market and earn lower wages than men. While economic empowerment of women is …

developed countries. We begin with an overview of the trends in the gender differences in wages and employment rates. We then …

developed countries. We begin with an overview of the trends in the gender differences in wages and employment rates. We then …

research on gender inequality in access to self-employment, the gender gap in pensions, and the emerging topic of a gender gap …

This paper examines the effect that gender-based earnings discrimination has on self-employment dynamics among females …–2001 time period, we test the hypothesis that the probability of moving into self-employment is positively related to prior … who have lower than expected wage sector earnings are more likely to leave wage employment in the following year. The …

affect their employment chances - by adopting citizenship, acquiring work experience, or signaling religious practice - or … their employment chances by any of the tested means. Rather, ethnic hierarchies are critical: callback rates decline … employment chances. These findings highlight that immigrants have few tools at their disposal to escape ethnic penalties and that …

This paper examines the effect that gender-based earnings discrimination has on self-employment dynamics among females …-2001 time period, we test the hypothesis that the probability of moving into self-employment is positively related to prior … who have lower than expected wage sector earnings are more likely to leave wage employment in the following year. The …