-spans. We derive the optimal direction of redistribution and show how it is affected by a gender neutrality rule. With singles … concave redistribution may or may not be reversed. With couples only, the ranking of gender retirement ages is always reversed … when the transformation is sufficiently concave. Under gender neutrality pension schemes must be self-selecting. With …

This study quantifies gender-specific differences in retirement income in Germany, Denmark, and France. We show that … the "gender pension gap" in Germany is higher than in France and much higher than in Denmark. This ranking is similar to … the ranking in the gender pay gap, where Germany has also the highest gender difference. The authors also investigate …

The objective of this paper is to investigate the factors that determine the gender pension gap in Europe. In … risk factors that determine the gender pension in Europe, we use EU-SILC and LFS data from Eurostat. For our analysis we … the gender pension gap. Women working part time, and gender differences in working life duration, were found to be the two …