reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

This paper investigates the consequences of sex imbalance in India's population for violence against women. We match … analyse mechanisms, we also use administrative data on marriage rates and household survey data on attitudes to violence … against women and marriage quality. We estimate that the elasticity of violence against women with respect to the surplus of …