candidate explanations for German behavior before the world wars: the preventive war hypothesis and the Innenpolitik hypothesis …. This reevaluation of German motives prior to the world wars casts doubt on the broader preventive war literature insofar as …The prevailing consensus in the historical community is that Germany provoked both of the twentieth century world wars …

This article presents new research on the Portuguese Maritime Front during World War One, especially regarding the … German submarine war off the Portuguese coast. One subject, in particular, has remained obscure for many contemporary … Portuguese historians: the direct and indirect impacts of the German submarine war on the Portuguese economy. In this article, we …