candidate explanations for German behavior before the world wars: the preventive war hypothesis and the Innenpolitik hypothesis …. I find that the logic of prevention does not motivate either war in the long term; security concerns were at most an … intervening phenomenon in the process leading to war. On the other hand, there is strong evidence to suggest that domestic …

This article presents new research on the Portuguese Maritime Front during World War One, especially regarding the … German submarine war off the Portuguese coast. One subject, in particular, has remained obscure for many contemporary … Portuguese historians: the direct and indirect impacts of the German submarine war on the Portuguese economy. In this article, we …