The option of adapting to climate change is becoming more important in climate change policy. Hence, responding to climate change now involves both mitigation to address the cause and adaptation as a response to already ongoing or expected changes. These changes are also of relevance for the...

The Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022 shook continental geopolitics and led to a major shift in EU energy policy. The necessary speed of the combined diversification away from the Russian energy sources, fossil fuel phase-out and mass scale-up of low-carbon energy and technologies are...

Emission-free hydrogen (H2) is crucial to decarbonize energy supply and to tackle the climate crisis. To unlock the potential of H2, pipelines infrastructures and related investments are required to enable trade. However, it is uncertain what future H2 infrastructure will be needed. The paper...