In the long history of rising and persistent unemployment in Europe almost all institutions – employment protection … legislation, unions, wages, wage structure, unemployment insurance, etc. – have been alleged and found guilty to have caused this … identified as more plausible causes for rising equilibrium unemployment in Europe. Monetary policy has managed to be regarded as …

behavior of the unemployment rates – the concept of the natural rate of unemployment or hysteresis hypothesis. The character of … presence of hysteresis in monthly unemployment rates from January 2000 to January 2013 in two groups of countries: the selected …In recent years, unemployment has become a major problem in many countries. The fluctuations of the unemployment rate …

European unemployment has been steadily increasing for the last 15 years and is …equilibrium unemployment. We then confront the theory to both the detailed facts of …insiders and firms, shocks which affect actual unemployment tend also to affect …

European unemployment has been steadily increasing for the last 15 years and isexpected to remain very high for many … years to come. In this paper, we argue thatthis fact implies that shocks have much more persistent effects on unemployment … and firms, shocks which affect actual unemployment tend also to affectequilibrium unemployment. We then confront the …