The European social-welfare model differs from the North American individualistic model in the patterns, more than the overall extent, of ethnic inclusion and exclusion. Focussing on foreigners in Germany and immigrants in Canada as illustrative cases, conventional earnings decomposition...

Export promotion policy is often employed by governments to spur economic growth. This paper uses Canadian linked employer-employee (LEE) data to examine the impact of exports on plant average wage. I find that the wage increases significantly three years after a plant enters export markets....