This review paper focuses on research schemes regarding urbanity and urbanization, and brings together both cultural and physical approaches. First, we review the cultural and social construction of urbanity (as related to urbanization) in Germany. In the early 20th century, urbanity was mainly...

The gender pension gap in Germany amounts on average to 26 %. It starts to form at the age of 35 years. When entering retirement, women need an extra amount of roughly 25,000 Euro in nominal terms if they aim at closing this gap. A 40 year old woman would have to save an extra 2.3% of her annual...