ghost students. Thus, accounting for academic inactivity is essential to prevent the misreporting of dropout rates. Inactive … students are attracted to in-kind student benefits or use the university as a bridge to their professional or academic careers …. The social costs associated with such inactive students amount to 3.3% of public spending on higher education in NRW …

Students from low-income families are eligible to student aid under the federal students' financial assistance scheme … received by eligible students to raise enrolment rates into tertiary education. We view this reform as a 'natural experiment …

Students from low-income families are eligible to student aid under the federal students' financial assistance scheme … received by eligible students to raise enrolment rates into tertiary education. We view this reform as a quot …