Typically, the error term in stochastic frontier models is assumed to be positively skewed; however, efficiency scores … all model parameters and efficiency scores can be estimated consistently regardless of positive or negative inefficiency …

This paper investigates the size-efficiency relation of European cooperative banks during the 2006-2015 period. We … cooperative banks from 12 European countries. This work extends the existing literature by focusing on shape of size-efficiency … European cooperative banks are significantly more cost efficient than their bigger peers and that the size-efficiency relation …

The efficiency of the German economy is powered by its knowledge-intensive industrial and services sectors. Yet the use …