empirically using the interlocking network model of the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) research network. Two approaches can … be distinguished from a spatial perspective: a global approach that studies the world city network from the perspective … the methodological direction of future research in world city network studies. …

, highlighting the importance of the demand effect for Germany. Allowing for heterogeneous network effects shows that at least some … but from African or middle-eastern countries that do not have a large migrant network in Germany. …