The paper documents employment and wage gaps, which arise between mothers and childless women, for a set of 28 European …

mothers and fathers and analyzes whether gender gaps in occupational status are more extreme for immigrant populations. Using … between mothers’ and fathers’ probabilities of employment in the highest status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany …, particularly for immigrant mothers, Germany’s gender gaps in professional occupations are consistently larger than gaps in the US. [...] …

Women-friendly policies may have perverse effects on the wages of employed women and mothers in particular. Yet few … accumulation, wage losses for mothers remained stable in this first period. Conversely, we can no longer detect motherhood wage … penalties for women affected by the later reform. Shorter career breaks and increased work hours may have benefited new mothers …