the effects of tuition fees on university enrollment of first-year students at German public universities. Our study … gender differences in enrollment behavior. Enrollment numbers of female students at universities that are located far away … of male students. …

the effects of tuition fees on university enrollment of first-year students at German public universities. Our study … gender differences in enrollment behavior. Enrollment numbers of female students at universities that are located far away … of male students. …

ghost students. Thus, accounting for academic inactivity is essential to prevent the misreporting of dropout rates. Inactive … students are attracted to in-kind student benefits or use the university as a bridge to their professional or academic careers …. The social costs associated with such inactive students amount to 3.3% of public spending on higher education in NRW …

studies have shown no effect on enrollment, we analyze the effects on students' budgets. To identify causal effects, we … exploited the natural experiment established by the introduction of fees. They did not affect students' spending behavior … students increased their budgets only marginally; fees did not increase social inequality. …

abolished recently. Whereas other studies have shown no effect on enrollment, we analyze the effects on students’ budgets. To … total expenditure moderately by about 4 %. With regard to financial resources, students are more likely to receive support …

retaining international students. Empirical evidence suggests that concerns about brain drain - that is, the emigration of …, international student mobility can be beneficial for all participants: migrating students and those who remain at home, as well as …