Germany and Canada stand at polar ends of the scientific debate over language integration and ascension to citizenship …. German naturalization, as of January 2000, contains an explicit language criterion for naturalization. The first German … aims at language as a criterion for legal immigration. Canada, in effect, does not base entry or citizenship on knowledge …

We investigate the pattern of intergenerational transmission of language in a bilingual society. We consider the case … language affects language skills as well as the language parents speak to their children. Empirically, we exploit the natural … experiment generated by a language-in-education reform that introduced Catalan-Spanish bilingualism at school to estimate the …

We investigate the pattern of intergenerational transmission of language in a bilingual society. We consider the case … language affects language skills as well as the language parents speak to their children. Empirically, we exploit the natural … experiment generated by a language-in-education reform that introduced Catalan-Spanish bilingualism at school to estimate the …

for their language use. Specifically, it investigates how the students negotiated legitimacy for using their target … language German in their classroom. Based on the premise that linguistic legitimacy is crucial for the maintenance and … participant observations. Findings revealed that, while English dominated the lessons as the default legitimate language among the …

goods and burdens are distributed according to need and equity. In contrast, the distributive principles of equality is more …