Aggregate wage earnings are one of the key variables of the German economy. Paradoxically, it is also a little known variable, especially in the long term. Historians have never devoted a synthesis to the subject and, among all the economists who have centred their work on the study of economic...

This paper presents a cliometric application of fractional integrated processes to socio-economic time series for France and Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries. The analysis leads to a significant result: no short or long term cycle appears as the dominant constituent.

Using the outliers methodology, the focus of this paper is to present the time series dynamics of the German higher education system before 1945. The outline of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we define the outliers and describe the outliers identification procedure. We apply this...