From the early 1990s until 2005 the unemployment rate rose in Germany from 7.3% to 11.7%. While the unemployment rate … market reform (Hartz IV) was implemented in 2005 with the intent to cut the unemployment rate. On the other hand, the … productivities in Germany and Eastern Europe grew strongly during the same period, enhancing the joint trade. e "rise of the East …

rise in unemployment, vary considerably between countries. In order to shed light on this issue, this paper examines … the knock-on effects, influenced by the specific institutional frameworks, on employment and unemployment. On the basis of … into falls in working hours and head-count employment and rises in unemployment are analysed. A range of institutional …

Starting in January 2003, Germany implemented the first two so-called Hartz reforms, followed by the third and fourth … market flows and reduce unemployment duration. Without attempting to evaluate the specific components of these Hartz reforms …