four countries (Germany, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Spain) … rise in unemployment, vary considerably between countries. In order to shed light on this issue, this paper examines … the knock-on effects, influenced by the specific institutional frameworks, on employment and unemployment. On the basis of …

regulatory conditions on immigrant-native gaps across four outcomes; unemployment, monthly earnings, underemployment, and … unemployment and underemployment. A higher union density appears to suppress wage differences across some immigrant groups, rather … than in comparison to natives. …