Public agencies mainly rely on two modes to procure goods and services: auctions and direct negotiations. We study a … 1994 policy change in Germany that introduced the possibility to procure rail services in auctions as well as in direct …, auctions improve service levels and reduce prices. As a result, surplus on auctioned lines increased by about 30 …

Public agencies mainly rely on two modes to procure goods and services: auctions and direct negotiations. We study a … 1994 policy change in Germany that introduced the possibility to procure rail services in auctions as well as in direct …, auctions improve service levels and reduce prices. As a result, surplus on auctioned lines increased by about 30 …

Public agencies rely on two key modes to procure goods and services: auctions and direct negotiations. The relative … passenger railway services in Germany, where regional agencies can use auctions and negotiations to procure regional passenger … auctions. This analysis suggests accounting for the endogeneity of the choice of procurement mode by estimating the mode of …