infrastructure providers increases. After some years these providers are often confronted with stricter state regulation that impacts … their freedom of action and reduces their profitability. Providers often experience such stricter regulation as an … unexpected risk that could not have been prevented. This book casts a different light on state regulation. In a first step, it …

-world applicability of results compared to previous analyses. We show that a combined merchant-regulatory regulation, which draws upon a …

-based regulation of access charges for electricity grids enhances competition in the downstream-market. The paper shows that the … field by means of a cost-based regulation of access charges always creates competition in the downstream-market. The paper … also derives the welfare effects of both the liberalization of the downstream-market and the cost-based regulation. …