most plausible explanation for the effect in Canada, a small developed country, is that more intense competition in export …

and prime-aged women in employment and the wage bills of particular sectors, but reduced the shares of older women and …

-employee data for Germany that allow to take the complete employment biographies of newly hired workers into account. The results … instable employment biographies, come from unemployment or outside the labor force, or were affected by a plant closure …. However, an analysis of entry wages reveals that disadvantageous worker characteristics come along with higher wage penalties …

estimate employment for three skill categories of blue collar workers. Employment elasticities are uniformly higher in the east …, and for unskilled labor. The former result contradicts union claims that wages had little relevance for east German job …