calculation was to estimate the amount of the fiscal externalities associated with the upbringing and care of a child under …

subsidization program in Germany. We find that 38% of the aggregate subsidy accrues to the top two deciles of the population, but … inequality measures. This is due to two offsetting effects: a progressive one stemming from the subsidy schedule and a regressive …

positive externalities. Without subsidization, so the story reads, there would be an underinvestment in higher education. This … paper shortly reviews theoretical arguments as well as empirical evidence on externalities. It is found that evidence on … positive externalities is quite limited. What is more, evidence on negative externalities of higher education has been mainly …

increases in service frequency reduce road traffic externalities. We exploit differences in service frequency growth by …