, the employment of mothers, and especially mothers with young children, is lower. This paper proposes a four …How does the structure of a country's childcare market influence maternal employment? Childcare markets vary across … countries, leading mothers to rely on various forms of care depending on what is available to them in both the public (state …

after the reform implementation. Only for high-income mothers, the reform produced a significant decrease in the employment … studies the impact of the substantial change in Germany’s parental leave system on maternal employment. The aim of the reform … was to decrease birth-related maternal employment breaks by providing more generous parental benefits for a shorter period …

choices led mothers to take, on average, 1-2 months less of leave. This decrease in leave duration, however, was not … accompanied by an employment increase of similar magnitude. To understand the absence of labor supply effects, we examine data on … few mothers indicate that they would start working if better access to formal childcare were available. Switching to the …

We study the short, medium, and longer run employment effects of a substantial change in the parental leave benefit … heterogeneous response incentives. We find that the reform speeds up the labor market return of both groups of mothers after benefit … effect are changes in social norms and mothers' preferences for economic independence. …

employment status and work hours changes, respectively. In East Germany, mothers with a child aged under three years who lived in … negative association of child-teacher-ratios with maternal employment was marginally significant. For mothers with older …By investigating how locally available early childhood education and care quality relates to maternal employment …

Women's labor force participation has rapidly increased in most countries, but mothers still struggle to achieve a … employment. Family policies that subsidize childcare and increase its availability have different effects on female labor supply … may depend on countryspecific pre-reform female employment and earnings, and childcare availability, costs, and quality. …

The paper documents employment and wage gaps, which arise between mothers and childless women, for a set of 28 European … gap in employment. The impact of the leaves depends, however, on childcare availability: long maternity leaves combined … with high childcare coverage lead to greater employment gap than when the coverage is low. The results do not prove that …