recently been an increase in the number of internet platforms dealing with the rating of the personal performances of specific … individuals. In Germany, rating platforms regarding the appearances and performances of teaching staff have recently enjoyed great … on research and teaching. By using criteria such as “appearance” or “humanity” the rating platforms have become renowned …

economies, however, a lack of data on platforms’ activity complicates the evaluation of their impact on economies and societies …Online platforms have become one of the most important business models of the digital economy and likely counteracted … platforms in Germany using proprietary data on website traffic between 2018 and 2021. Our analysis suggests that German platform …