We examine whether frontier rule, which disallows frontier residents from a recourse to formal institutions of conflict …km-by10km grid cell-level data on conflict in a spatial regression discontinuity design framework, we show that areas … conflict management, led to a sharp surge in attacks against state targets in frontier areas. We show that the surge in …

, covering the era between 1453 C. E. and 1699 C. E. In this paper, I exploit the empire's unique culture and institutions to … examine the roles of ethnicity and religion in conflict and war. Based on one theory, the Ottoman conquests were driven by the …