Binscatter is very popular in applied microeconomics. It provides a flexible, yet parsimonious way of visualizing and summarizing “big data” in regression settings, and it is often used for informal testing of substantive hypotheses such as linearity or monotonicity of the regression...

Measurement is a special type of evaluation more exact than opinion or estimation. Sawyer, Sankey and Lombardo (2013) characterized a measure as satisfying five invariance and continuity conditions. Those conditions are satisfied as the result of a process of convergence towards that measure....

For economists, the task of paramount importance is not only to generalize the experience of the effectiveness of previously introduced economic sanctions but also to study all kinds of effects (both positive and negative) of modern large-scale economic sanctions against Russia. The term...