This research examines the relationship between droughts, city-level conflict, and local governance in Europe from 900 to 1800 C.E. I use data on local drought intensity recorded at an annual frequency, combined with information on city-level conflict, to show that droughts are robustly...

For two hundred years, the grand project of liberal internationalism has been to build a world order that is open, loosely rules-based, and oriented toward progressive ideas. Today this project is in crisis, threatened from the outside by illiberal challengers and from the inside by...

Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Freedom and law -- Freedom and rights -- The nature and purpose of government: a Lockean view -- Liberal democracy -- Constitutional considerations -- Bibliography -- About the author