Free labor -- From Reconstruction to Jim Crow, 1877-1895 -- Blacks and labor in the progressive era, 1900-1920 -- From progressivism to the New Deal, 1920-1935 -- The New Deal and World War -- The civil rights era, 1950-1965 -- The affirmative action dilemma, 1965-present

This study examines a wide range of health and economic outcomes in a sample of Irish- and African-American Civil War veterans during the postbellum period. The information in our data is from a variety of circumstances across an individual's life span, and we use that to attempt to explain...