gender. Women are also found to be less directly dependent on migration costs unrelated to networks such as distance …

-origin men and women in Europe benefit from migration by comparing their educational outcomes to non-migrants in Turkey. At the … descendants in Europe obtain higher education than their non-migrant peers in Turkey. While both men and women experience … educational benefits from migration, women's gains are higher. Another salient finding is that Turkish-origin parents in Europe …

research is an examination of the important role that women play in both sending and destination areas. This chapter addresses … various aspects of the relationship between women and migration, including key ways in which non-migrant women are affected by …