In all the research on state-level variation in welfare policy, one thing is clear: race, ethnicity, and representation matter. In this paper, we argue that gender matters as well. Our primary research question is whether the election and incorporation of women into state legislatures has any...

This paper is an application of a new Shapley income decomposition methodology, in which we isolate two subjective factors in income differences - race and gender - that contribute to income inequality within the population of blacks and whites in the United States over the period 2005-2017. We...

Stronger enforcement of discrimination laws can help to reduce disparities in economic outcomes with respect to race, ethnicity, and gender in the United States. However, the data necessary to detect possible discrimination and to act to counter it is not publicly available - in particular, data...