reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

Although women?s police centers have been gaining popularity as a measure to address domestic violence, to date no … quantitative evaluations of their impacts on the incidence of domestic violence or any other manifestations of gender equality have … been done. This paper estimates the effects of women?s police stations in Brazil on female homicides, as a measure of the …

violence. To understand why, this article offers a theory about criminal governance in five types of criminal regimes … actors, abuse or cooperate with the community, and hold a monopoly or contest territory with rival OCGs. Police interventions …'s “Pacifying Police Units” (UPPs), which sought to reclaim control of the favelas from criminal organizations …