The conflict in Northern Ireland was an example of "complex warfare" with both insurgency and sectarian violence. We … present a unified model that helps to identify these two forms of conflict from the spatial distribution of violence. The … model predicts that tectonic boundaries between residential areas of opposed groups drive sectarian violence. Violence …

an event is unclear. Political violence is such an event, sending immediate signals about possible impact on firm … valuations but unclear information about the future viability of existing institutions. This paper examines the effect of … political violence in 19th century Russia on its stock market; using a battery of unit root and variance ratio tests, the …