From a strictly formal point of view, employment regulation in Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia (CEECs) provides an acceptable level of protection for employees. However, workers' formal rights are being violated and circumvented on a massive scale. Because the oversight system is...

This study examines the development and implementation of judicial strategies by the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) over the last fifteen years. Firstly, the author shows that this strategy was born in the wake of the Viking and Laval cases, with the aim of using the standards and...

The Belgian collective bargaining system is highly institutionalised and coordinated. Over 90% of employees are covered by a collective agreement, placing Belgium among the countries with the highest coverage in Europe. Also, the Belgian trade unions have a relatively high level of membership...

The legal basis of collective bargaining in Germany is laid down by the Collective Agreements Act, 1949. Collective agreements can be concluded between employer associations (or individual employers) and trade unions. In contrast, works councils – statutory employee representation bodies...

The new Labor Code passed by the Parliament in 2012 has been the most important change of the regulation of labor relations in Hungary since 1992. This report summarizes the main results of a field work research which was managed by the Institute of Economics HAS and financed by the LIGA Trade...