-win outcomes, where the default is unresolved outcomes. Higher union density is associated with worker wins, collective bargaining …

and the level at which collective bargaining is conducted. Attention is also paid to the quality of industrial relations …. There is also some indication that collective bargaining at levels higher than the company can exacerbate strike activity … but this effect does not persist, possibly because of decentralization and the development of hybrid bargaining structures …

This paper investigates the patterns of bargaining in multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the presence of labor unions … coordination activities. It derives the bargaining regimes which arise as sub-game perfect equilibria, and considers both … unions’ per member transaction costs may attenuate the conflict of interests between bargaining parties as regards the …