We present a novel variational inequality model (VIM) to capture the complex real decision-making process in multi-tiered supply chain networks (MSCN) without strictly limiting the features of related functions. The VIM is formulated with the equilibrium conditions on links as the optimization...

Profit-maximizing firms hedge risk from uncertainty by deciding on capacity investment and production. Typically, risk-averse firms monotonically forgo expected profit in exchange for an improved risk measure, e.g., conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). However, the stochastic-equilibrium literature...