Ã...land, a small autonomous island province of Finland with 28,000 inhabitants, is base for commercial shipping … euros and capital income of 275 million euros (2009). In the same year, gross sales of the shipping sector amounted to more … factor for shipping is the EU-sanctioned system of subsidies for crewing costs that decreases the manning cost of domestic …

containerization and breakbulk shipping using micro-level trade data. The model is motivated by novel facts that relate container usage …, the box decreases variable shipping costs between 16 to 22 percent. The box explains a significant amount of the global …