Using a statistical model of an evolving multiplex network, we study tie formation in global production chains within and across developed countries, their trade activities with developing economies in the intermediate goods market, and the mutual dependencies between these relationships. Our...

The import content of exports (ICE) is defined as the amount of foreign input embodied in one unit of export, and it has been used as a measure of the degree of integration into the global production network. In this paper, we suggest an alternative measure based on the decomposition of gross...