The study compiles 22 firm-specific case studies which show the importance of manufacturing-related services in global value chains. The interviewed firms, based in 12 APEC economies, come from different sectors ranging from multinational automotive and construction equipment manufacturers to...

Global value chains (GVC) are undergoing a transformation as business focus on building resilience. Services and data are already adding value to GVC, particularly manufacturing GVC. Global data flows and digital technologies such as cloud computing and AI enable growth in digitally enabled...

Trade and investment liberalization has been one of the key features of economic policy in many developing countries since the 1990s. Research on this subject has consistently produced more evidence on the benefits of globalization; theoretical studies give more attention to what happens within...

This article places international trade law in the context of the rapid increase in economic growth and globalization over the last 60 years that is reducing poverty and expanding the middle class in most nations of the world. This economic and cultural integration of markets and peoples has...

This working paper draws on historical and contemporary data on tariffs, non tariff barriers, and transportation costs (for the United States and its major trading partners) to estimate the role of policy liberalization in US merchandise trade growth over the period 1980 to 2006. Both partial...

Multilateralism is associated with a variety of benefits. Involving more states can help monitor compliance and contribute toward enforcement. Yet, in international dispute settlement, multilateralism can backfire. When legal processes are open to participation by non-litigant countries,...

Globalisation through international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and international movements of labour is a key force driving economic growth. However, Japan is an outlier among OECD countries, with the lowest levels of import penetration, stock of inward FDI relative to GDP and...